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	<title>Storia In Rete &#187; Russia</title>
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		<title>Mosca: nostalgici e Ziuganov onorano 132° compleanno Stalin</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/5948/rassegna-stampa-italiana/mosca-nostalgici-e-ziuganov-omaggiano-132%c2%b0-compleanno-stalin/</link>
		<comments>http://www.storiainrete.com/5948/rassegna-stampa-italiana/mosca-nostalgici-e-ziuganov-omaggiano-132%c2%b0-compleanno-stalin/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 15:48:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stampa italiana 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Comunismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nostalgici]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stalin]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=5948</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.tmnews.it/web/images/603-0-20111221_104017_71327531.jpg" alt="       AFP      " width="90" height="90" />Gennady Ziuganov, leader del partito comunista russo e candidato alle presidenziali del 4 marzo 2012, ha reso omaggio alla tomba di Stalin, a ridosso delle mura del Cremlino. Oggi cade il 132esimo anniversario della nascita del dittatore sovietico, e oltre&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.tmnews.it/web/images/603-0-20111221_104017_71327531.jpg" alt="       AFP      " width="90" height="90" />Gennady Ziuganov, leader del partito comunista russo e candidato alle presidenziali del 4 marzo 2012, ha reso omaggio alla tomba di Stalin, a ridosso delle mura del Cremlino. Oggi cade il 132esimo anniversario della nascita del dittatore sovietico, e oltre a Ziuganov &#8211; che ha deposto una corona di fiori &#8211; circa cinquecento nostalgici del &#8216;Piccolo padre&#8217; si sono riuniti presso il busto che segna il luogo di sepoltura di Iosif Vissarionovic Dzhugashvili. Fiori anche dal gruppo &#8216;Due garofani per il compagno Stalin&#8217;, che ha raccolto donazioni da tutta la Russia per l&#8217;acquisto di alcune migliaia di garofani rossi, deposti stamattina davanti alla tomba del leader sovietico morto nel 1953.</p>
<p>da <img class="alignnone" src="http://img20.imageshack.us/img20/5749/tmnews.jpg" alt="" width="230" height="56" /> del 21 dicembre 2011</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://multimedia.lastampa.it/multimedia/nel-mondo/lstp/104900/">GUARDA LA GALLERIA FOTOGRAFICA DA &#8220;LA STAMPA&#8221;</a></strong></p>
<p><strong>___________________________</strong></p>
<p><strong>VUOI SAPERNE DI PIU&#8217;?</strong></p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/2010/01/storia-in-rete-numero-50-gennaio-2010/"><img src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/00-cover-storia-51.jpg" alt="" width="146" height="200" /></a></strong></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Sulla Piazza Rossa rievocata la parata militare del 1941</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/5762/storia-militare/sulla-piazza-rossa-rievocata-la-parata-militare-del-1941/</link>
		<comments>http://www.storiainrete.com/5762/storia-militare/sulla-piazza-rossa-rievocata-la-parata-militare-del-1941/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Nov 2011 21:11:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Storia militare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Campagna di Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Grande guerra patriottica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patriottismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Piazza Rossa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seconda guerra mondiale]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stalin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[URSS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=5762</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/jeffisgr8t-21204473.jpg?w=940&#38;h=606" alt="" width="90" height="90" />La Piazza Rossa di Mosca è stata teatro di una manifestazione suggestiva e in qualche modo malinconica: la rievocazione della leggendaria parata militare allestita nello stesso luogo il 7 novembre 1941 (27° anniversario della Rivoluzione d&#8217;Ottobre). In quella data  le truppe hitleriane erano&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/jeffisgr8t-21204473.jpg?w=940&amp;h=606" alt="" width="90" height="90" />La Piazza Rossa di Mosca è stata teatro di una manifestazione suggestiva e in qualche modo malinconica: la rievocazione della leggendaria parata militare allestita nello stesso luogo il 7 novembre 1941 (27° anniversario della Rivoluzione d&#8217;Ottobre). In quella data  le truppe hitleriane erano giunte a soli 30 km da Mosca e  allora tanti soldati sovietici andarono al fronte a combattere gli occupanti nazisti direttamente dalla Piazza Rossa, dove erano appena sfilati sotto gli occhi di Stalin.</p>
<p>Da <img src="http://multimedia.lastampa.it/fileadmin/templates/common/img/lastampatop2.gif" alt="" width="221" height="34" /> del 7 novembre 2011</p>
<p><a href="http://multimedia.lastampa.it/multimedia/nel-mondo/lstp/94051/" target="_blank"><strong>GUARDA LA GALLERIA FOTOGRAFICA DA LA STAMPA</strong></a></p>
<p><strong>______________________</strong></p>
<p><strong>Filmati originali della parata del 1941</strong></p>
<p><strong><p><a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/5762/storia-militare/sulla-piazza-rossa-rievocata-la-parata-militare-del-1941/"><em>Clicca qui per vedere il video incorporato.</em></a></p></strong></p>
<p><strong>______________________</strong></p>
<p><strong>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 7 novembre 2011</strong></p>
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		<title>Russia open secret files to refute Hitler&#8217;s escape from bunker</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/5677/rassegna-stampa-estera/russia-open-secret-files-to-refute-claims-hitler-escaped-from-bunker/</link>
		<comments>http://www.storiainrete.com/5677/rassegna-stampa-estera/russia-open-secret-files-to-refute-claims-hitler-escaped-from-bunker/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2011 22:26:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stampa estera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[archivi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fuga di Hitler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germania]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hitler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=5677</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.artillery-museum.ru/files/Image/155(1).jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Russia is planning to put the files detailing the death of Adolf Hitler in his Berlin bunker on display to disprove allegations in a new book that he escaped to Argentina after the war. Author Gerrard Williams and Simon Dunstan claim&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.artillery-museum.ru/files/Image/155(1).jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Russia is planning to put the files detailing the death of Adolf Hitler in his Berlin bunker on display to disprove allegations in a new book that he escaped to Argentina after the war. Author Gerrard Williams and Simon Dunstan claim in &#8220;Grey Wolf: The Escape Of Adolf Hitler&#8221; that body doubles of the Fuhrer and lover Eva Braun were found by the Red Army in the garden of his wrecked chancellery. They go on to say that Hitler and Eva had two daughters and that he lived until 1962 in Argentina, sheltered by the right-wing regime in Buenos Aires.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>di Allan Hall da <img src="http://www.scotsman.com/webimage/swts_publication_logo_7_14068!image/1130617255.png_gen/derivatives/default/1130617255.png" alt="" width="156" height="33" /> del 21 ottobre 2011</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>Russia’s FSB federal security service holds the entire Hitler file, chronicling his death and his body’s strange odyssey through a variety of graveyards in former Communist East Germany until a final cremation in the 1970s. “This is the true history of what happened to Hitler,” said an FSB spokesman. “He died in Berlin and we have the papers to prove it.” According to bunker eyewitnesses, Hitler and his new bride retreated to his study to end their lives at 3:30pm on the afternoon of 30 April, 1945. Afterwards, the corpses were carried up to the garden, doused in petrol and set ablaze. Also burned in a separate pyre were the corpses of his propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels, his wife Magda and their six children, who she murdered with cyanide capsules.</p>
<p>Petrol was scarce and the corpses were only partially burned by the time the Russians arrived. Agents of the secret intelligence service Smersh – an acronym for “Death to Spies” – attached to the 3rd Russian Shock Army, found the bodies on 5 May. They were removed and put in a lorry. The following day an order came to hand over the site to another unit. The Smersh agents then moved the bodies by truck to the town of Buch, near Berlin. According to the files, they underwent a forensic examination on 8 May at Field Hospital No 496. In a letter to Laventi Beria, boss of the NKVD, the pathologist wrote: “In the mouth of the corpses I found glass pieces, pieces of wall and of the floor corresponding to material in the bunker. There was a strong smell of bitter almonds, the smell of cyanide which killed them.”</p>
<p>In an accompanying letter, he added: “There can be no doubt about it that this is the corpse of Adolf Hitler.” The letter said the bodies had been buried in a secret location in occupied Buch. When Smersh officers were ordered again to move in the summer of 1945 they dug up the bodies of Hitler, Braun and the Goebbels’ family and moved them to Rathenow, 55 miles from Berlin. On 13 January, 1946, the bodies were disinterred in Rathenow by a committee headed by Smersh Lieutenant General Selenin. After an investigation, which resulted in part of Hitler’s skull being sent to Stalin in Moscow – it now resides in the State Archive – the bodies were moved to Magdeburg, East Germany. In the yard of No 36 West End Street, the base of the local Smersh unit, another examination confirmed Hitler shot himself in the head. The bodies were then buried in the courtyard in wooden munitions’ boxes. Both Beria and Stalin got reports about the identification process.</p>
<p>Twenty-four years later the Kremlin, now under Leonid Breznhev, learned that the burial site was about to be turned over to the Peoples’ Army of the German Democratic Republic. On 13 March, 1970, Brezhnev got a letter from foreign minister Alexei Kosygin stating the corpses should be moved “once and for all”. Three Smersh agents –Vladimir Gumenjuk, a Major Schirokow and Captain Kowalenko – had the task of disposing of the bodies. They were given gas masks and told to tell anyone who inquired they were killing vermin with sulphur. On the morning of 4 April, 1970, they began digging and soon found the munitions boxes containing skeletal remains, and Magda Goebbels’ gold teeth. The bodies were placed in empty weapons boxes and driven off in a Soviet truck. It had a tarpaulin over the back with fishing rods sticking out. The soldiers were to say they were going fishing if questioned. Late in the day, they reached Schoenebeck, south of Magdeburg. There, with 20 litres of petrol, Hitler’s remains were finally burned, along with the rest. The ashes were piled into a sack, driven north to Biederitz and dumped into the Ehle River. It was the last anyone saw of the mortal remains of the tyrant, his bride and servants.</p>
<p>_________________________</p>
<p>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 22 ottobre 2011</p>
<p>_________________________</p>
<p>Vuoi saperne di più? Leggi l&#8217;articolo</p>
<p><a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/03-morte-hitler.pdf"><strong>Hitler il non-morto: suicidio o fuga?</strong></a></p>
<p>da Storia in Rete n. 52</p>
<p><a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/2620/edicola/storia-in-rete-numero-52-febbraio-2010/"><img src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/cover-52.jpg" alt="cover 52" width="152" height="217" /></a></p>
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		<title>Ukrainian court: Soviet flag on Victory Day unconstitutional</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/5116/rassegna-stampa-estera/ucraina-no-bandiera-rossa/</link>
		<comments>http://www.storiainrete.com/5116/rassegna-stampa-estera/ucraina-no-bandiera-rossa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Jun 2011 11:02:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stampa estera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bandiera Rossa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Comunismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Grande guerra patriottica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[memoria negata]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seconda guerra mondiale]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ucraina]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[URSS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=5116</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/205/491354134_dabef01d1f.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Ukraine&#8217;s Constitutional Court ruled as unconstitutional on Friday a law allowing red Soviet Victory flags to be used at annual Victory Day parades in the country. A member of the Our Ukraine &#8211; People&#8217;s Self Defense nationalist opposition bloc took the&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/205/491354134_dabef01d1f.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Ukraine&#8217;s Constitutional Court ruled as unconstitutional on Friday a law allowing red Soviet Victory flags to be used at annual Victory Day parades in the country. A member of the Our Ukraine &#8211; People&#8217;s Self Defense nationalist opposition bloc took the issue to court after a dispute between nationalists and World War II veterans during a victory day parade on May 9.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>da RiaNovosti del 17 giugno 2011 <img src="http://www.en.rian.ru/i/eng/rian.gif" alt="RIA Novosti" width="137" height="19" /><br />
.<br />
The nationalists attacked veterans, tore and burnt Soviet flags, and trod on a wreath that the Russian consul general in Lvov planned to lay at the tombs of Soviet soldiers who died in the war. The court ruled the use of red Soviet flags unconstitutional as they are not included in a list of Ukrainian state symbols. Ukrainian nationalists object to the brandishing of Soviet icons as they claim that Ukraine suffered just as much under Stalin&#8217;s Soviet Union as it did under Nazi Germany.</p>
<p>_________________</p>
<p>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 17 giugno 2011</p>
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		<title>Les Russes pensent avoir retrouvé restes des Romanovs</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/5076/rassegna-stampa-estera/les-russes-pensent-avoir-retrouve-restes-des-romanovs/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 12 Jun 2011 11:08:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stampa estera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lenin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rivoluzione Russa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romanov]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<div>
<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KPB7Uw_xV_4/TT8m1g2x99I/AAAAAAAAAAo/U5i_ykkHY-M/s1600/Romanov.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Des archéologues russes pensent avoir retrouvé les restes de <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Romanov" target="_blank">membres de la famille impériale </a>exécutés  par les Bolcheviks et jetés dans des fosses communes mises au jour par  hasard dans la forteresse Pierre-et-Paul de Saint-Pétersbourg.</p>
<p>da <img</p></div><p>&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>
<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KPB7Uw_xV_4/TT8m1g2x99I/AAAAAAAAAAo/U5i_ykkHY-M/s1600/Romanov.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Des archéologues russes pensent avoir retrouvé les restes de <a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Romanov" target="_blank">membres de la famille impériale </a>exécutés  par les Bolcheviks et jetés dans des fosses communes mises au jour par  hasard dans la forteresse Pierre-et-Paul de Saint-Pétersbourg.</p>
<p>da <img class="alignnone" src="http://www.editorsweblog.org/logos/20minutes.fr.png" alt="" width="250" height="60" /> dell´8 giugno 2011<img src="file:///C:/DOKUME%7E1/INTERT%7E1/LOKALE%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-2.png" alt="" /><img src="file:///C:/DOKUME%7E1/INTERT%7E1/LOKALE%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-3.png" alt="" /><img src="file:///C:/DOKUME%7E1/INTERT%7E1/LOKALE%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>«Selon des témoignages sûrs, quatre grands-ducs Romanov ont été  exécutés en 1919 dans la forteresse Pierre-et-Paul. Les restes de  Gueorgui Mikhaïlovitch, Nikolaï Mikhaïlovitch, Dmitri Konstantinovitch  et Pavel Alexandrovitch se trouvent probablement parmi ceux que nous  avons trouvés», a affirmé à l&#8217;AFP Vladimir Kildiouchevski, un  archéologue en charge des fouilles.</p>
<h3>Découverte fortuite d&#8217;ossements en 2007</h3>
<p>Les restes d&#8217;une centaine de personnes fusillées ont été retrouvés sur ce site ces derniers mois.</p>
<p>Le grand-duc Pavel Alexandrovitch Romanov était l&#8217;oncle du dernier  tsar Nicolas II, lui-même exécuté dans l&#8217;Oural par les Bolcheviks avec  sa famille en 1918. Les trois autres grands-ducs étaient ses cousins,  petits-fils du tsar Nicolas Ier. Les quatre grands-ducs auraient été  exécutés en 1919 dans la forteresse Pierre-et-Paul, en plein centre de  l&#8217;ancienne capitale impériale, mais le lieu de leur sépulture n&#8217;a jamais  été retrouvé.</p>
<p>Les Bolchéviks ont procédé à de nombreuses exécutions dans la  forteresse des berges de la Neva, au sein de laquelle se dresse la  cathédrale Pierre-et-Paul où ont été enterrés tous les tsars russes  depuis Pierre le Grand.</p>
<p>Près d&#8217;un siècle plus tard, c&#8217;est la découverte fortuite d&#8217;ossements  humains lors de travaux de terrassement en 2007 qui a permis de lancer  des fouilles.</p>
<h3>Victimes exécutées d&#8217;une balle dans la tête</h3>
<p>Les archéologues ont découvert six fosses communes datant de  1917-1919 et contenant les restes d&#8217;une centaine de personnes dont les  plus jeunes n&#8217;auraient eu que 16 ans.</p>
<p>«Toutes les victimes ont été exécutées d&#8217;une balle dans la tête et  les corps ont été jetés en vrac dans les fosses», raconte Vladimir  Kildiouchevski. «Sur certains crânes, il y a des traces particulières,  comme si on les avait achevés d&#8217;un coup de crosse», ajoute-t-il.</p>
<p>Il montre les objets retrouvés parmi les ossements: des pince-nez,  une grande croix en or, des porte-cigarettes, des carnets, des lambeaux  de vêtements, un chapeau presque en bon état, une chaussure de l&#8217;époque.</p>
<h3>Des milliers d&#8217;«ennemis de classe» exécutés</h3>
<p>«Dans certaines fosses, il n&#8217;y a que des personnes âgées, des civils.  Dans les autres, des jeunes gens de 20-30 ans, des cadets des écoles  militaires», explique l&#8217;archéologue.</p>
<p>Ces exécutions ont eu lieu lors de la «Terreur rouge» menée par la  Tcheka (police politique) et l&#8217;Armée rouge pendant la guerre civile qui a  suivi la révolution bolchevique, entre 1918 et 1923. Des dizaines de  milliers «d&#8217;ennemis de classe», nobles, bourgeois, officiers, prêtres,  ouvriers grévistes, paysans révoltés ont alors été exécutés en Russie.</p>
<p>«Nous exterminons la bourgeoisie en tant que classe. Ne cherchez pas  de preuves dans les enquêtes pour savoir si un accusé a agi contre le  pouvoir soviétique en actes ou en paroles. La première question à se  poser est: à quelle classe appartient-il ? Cette question va déterminer  son sort. C&#8217;est là le sens de la terreur rouge», écrivait en 1918 l&#8217;un  des chefs de la Tcheka, Martin Latsis, qui signa l&#8217;arrêt de mort des  quatre Romanov exécutés à Petrograd.</p>
<p>«Aujourd&#8217;hui nous essayons de déterminer qui exactement a été exécuté  ici et il faut continuer les recherches. Il est très probable que nous  allons trouver encore d&#8217;autres restes», assure Vladimir Kildiouchevski,  en regrettant que les fouilles &#8211; organisées par le musée d&#8217;Histoire de  la ville &#8211; soient actuellement suspendues faute de financement.</p>
<p>_____________________________</p>
<p>Pubblicato su storiainrete il 12 giugno 2011</p>
<p>SULLO STESSO ARGOMENTO E` STATO PUBBLICATO QUESTO ARTICOLO</p>
<h2>Romanov: la strage che non c’è stata – leggi: <a href="http://precedente.storiainrete.com/pdf/numero1/romanov1.pdf">prima  parte</a> | <a href="http://precedente.storiainrete.com/pdf/numero1/romanov2.pdf">seconda  parte</a></h2>
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		<title>Lavrenty Berija: A butcher full of sorrow</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/4921/rassegna-stampa-estera/lavrenty-beria-a-butcher-full-of-sorrow/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 16 May 2011 08:50:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stampa estera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bomba atomica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gulag]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[KGB]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lavrenti Berija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NKVD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nucleare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stalin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stalinismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[URSS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=4921</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://educaterra.terra.com.br/voltaire/mundo/pimage/beria2.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Lavrenty Beria, a high-ranking and blood-thirsty statesman of the Soviet Union during Joseph Stalin&#8217;s era, shared very interesting stories in his diaries. Beria particularly wrote about the things that were happening in the Soviet administration several years before Stalin&#8217;s death&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://educaterra.terra.com.br/voltaire/mundo/pimage/beria2.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Lavrenty Beria, a high-ranking and blood-thirsty statesman of the Soviet Union during Joseph Stalin&#8217;s era, shared very interesting stories in his diaries. Beria particularly wrote about the things that were happening in the Soviet administration several years before Stalin&#8217;s death and immediately after the epoch-making event. The last record, which Beria made in his diaries, is the following: &#8220;I am sorry for people, but we&#8217;ll have to shoot.&#8221;</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>dalla Pravda.ru del 12 maggio 2011 <img src="http://www.pravda.ru/pix/ie-logo.gif" alt="pravda.ru" width="53" height="45" /></p>
<p>.</p>
<p>Lavrenty Beria&#8217;s diaries are expected to be published in Russia. They have been prepared for publication by historian Sergei Kremlyov.</p>
<p>The <a rel="nofollow" href="http://kp.ru/" target="_blank">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a> newspaper published the third part of Beria&#8217;s diaries, which he wrote in 1949-1953. During the post-war period, the chief of the Soviet secret police was writing a lot about his control of the program to build the nuclear industry and nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union.</p>
<p>For instance, in August of 1949, Beria wrote that Stalin doubted whether scientists could achieve anything in the field. However, successful nuclear tests made Stalin change his mind. The chief of all nations ordered to award everyone. Beria was decorated with a Lenin Order for administering the tests of the nuclear bomb. He also received a certificate of merit and gratitude from Politburo. Beria complained in his diary that Stalin had not decorated him with a second star of the hero of the Soviet Union.</p>
<p>&#8220;He doesn&#8217;t want to give it. Everyone has only one star. If I had another one, it would give me more honor. People would know me more and remember me longer,&#8221; Beria wrote.</p>
<p>In July of 1950, Beria proudly wrote that the Soviet people had built a lot during five years after the Great Patriotic War.</p>
<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m really surprised myself! Our people can move mountains! And they move them!&#8221; he wrote.</p>
<p>A year later, Beria wrote about Sergei Korolyov&#8217;s successful launch of dogs into space.</p>
<p>&#8220;I asked him whether he was going to launch a man into space. He laughed and said that he needed time for that. He said he would send a man into space some day,&#8221; Beria wrote.</p>
<p>In January of 1953, Beria mentions the so-called &#8220;doctors&#8217; case&#8221; in his records. It is clear from his writing that Beria was certain that the people involved were guilty.</p>
<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s not about the doctors really. It&#8217;s about negligence &#8211; that&#8217;s what important. Negligence leads to destruction and irresponsibility. That leads to treason and direct execution of enemies&#8217; tasks,&#8221; Beria wrote.</p>
<p>The investigation of the &#8220;doctors&#8217; case&#8221; began in 1948, when doctor Lidiya Timashuk paid KGB&#8217;s attention to suspicious methods of treatment used for Andrei Zhdanov. The methods supposedly resulted in Zhdanov&#8217;s death. In January 1953, the case was given a full throttle. All the suspects were fully acquitted and relieved of persecution after Stalin&#8217;s death.</p>
<p>Beria did not write anything about the period when Stalin was dying. On March 8, 1953, three days after the chief&#8217;s death, Beria wrote the following:</p>
<p>&#8220;We are burying Koba [Stalin - ed.] tomorrow. I don&#8217;t know&#8230;&#8221; and the sentence ends off.</p>
<p>Historian Sergei Kremlyov does not think that Beria stopped writing because of the state of shock that he was in. Most likely, he just started thinking how his life was about to change and closed the diary.</p>
<p>In his last record dated from June 17, 1953 Beria wrote about strikes in Germany.</p>
<p>&#8220;Our stupidity, their provocations, and one has to shoot as a result. I am sorry for people, but we&#8217;ll have to shoot.&#8221;</p>
<p>On June 26, 1953, Beria was arrested on charges of espionage for Great Britain to overthrow the Soviet power. On December 23, 1953, Beria was sentenced to death penalty. He was executed the same day.</p>
<p>______________________</p>
<p>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 16 maggio 2011</p>
<p><strong>VUOI SAPERNE DI PIU&#8217; SU STALIN? LEGGI <span style="color: #993300;">STORIA IN RETE</span>!</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/2010/01/storia-in-rete-numero-50-gennaio-2010/"><img src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/00-cover-storia-51.jpg" alt="" width="146" height="200" /></a></p>
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		<title>Les soldats soviétiques commémorés en Europe</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/4850/rassegna-stampa-estera/victoire-1945-les-soldats-sovietiques-commemores-en-europe/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 10 May 2011 11:58:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stampa estera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Grande guerra patriottica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patriottismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seconda guerra mondiale]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[URSS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[VE Day]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vittoria]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=4850</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://en.rian.ru/images/16394/99/163949957.jpg" alt="Veterans of the Great Patriotic War in the 2011 Victory Day parade in Kazan." width="90" height="90" />Des cérémonies commémoratives se sont tenues lundi en Europe à l&#8217;occasion du 66e anniversaire de la victoire soviétique dans la Grande guerre patriotique de 1941-1945.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>di Alexandr Smotrov da Ria Novosti del 9 maggio 2011 <img src="http://fr.rian.ru/i/fra/rian.gif" alt="RIA Novosti"&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://en.rian.ru/images/16394/99/163949957.jpg" alt="Veterans of the Great Patriotic War in the 2011 Victory Day parade in Kazan." width="90" height="90" />Des cérémonies commémoratives se sont tenues lundi en Europe à l&#8217;occasion du 66e anniversaire de la victoire soviétique dans la Grande guerre patriotique de 1941-1945.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>di Alexandr Smotrov da Ria Novosti del 9 maggio 2011 <img src="http://fr.rian.ru/i/fra/rian.gif" alt="RIA Novosti" /></p>
<p>.</p>
<p><strong><em>Belgique</em></strong></p>
<p>Une cérémonie s&#8217;est déroulée au cimetière principal de la ville de Bruxelles, dans la commune d&#8217;Evere. Elle a mis en présence l&#8217;ambassadeur de Russie Alexandre Romanov, les chefs des représentations russes auprès de l&#8217;UE et de l&#8217;OTAN, Vladimir Tchijov et Dmitri Rogozine, ainsi que les diplomates de la Communauté des Etats Indépendants (CEI) et de la Grande alliance antihitlérienne, hommes politiques belges, des vétérans de la Résistance belge, des prêtres orthodoxes. Des cérémonies commémoratives ont également été organisées aux 25 cimetières belges abritant des tombes de soldats soviétiques.</p>
<p><strong><em>Grande-Bretagne</em></strong></p>
<p>Plusieurs centaines de personnes se sont recueillis devant le mémorial soviétique à Londres. Des diplomates de la CEI et des Etats-Unis, des députés au parlement britannique, ainsi que des anciens combattants, des écoliers et les représentants de la communauté russe se sont réunis dans le parc situé devant le Musée impérial de la guerre à Londres (Imperial War Museum).</p>
<p>&#8220;Nous commémorons les citoyens de tous les pays qui ont lutté contre le nazisme &#8211; l&#8217;URSS, la Grande-Bretagne, les Etats-Unis, la France, ainsi que les ceux qui ont combattu contre les nazis en Allemagne et l&#8217;Italie&#8221;, a déclaré l&#8217;ambassadeur russe Alexandre Iakovenko.</p>
<p>Des festivités se déroulent dans d&#8217;autres régions britanniques, notamment à Manchester et sur l&#8217;île de Jersey où se trouve un mémorial des prisonniers de guerre soviétiques. Occupée par les troupes allemandes pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale, l&#8217;île de Jersey a été libérée le 9 mai 1945 et célèbre l&#8217;anniversaire de la victoire le même jour que la Russie, alors que l&#8217;Europe fête la victoire le 8 mai.</p>
<p><strong><em>Pologne</em></strong></p>
<p>Les diplomates russes, entre autres l&#8217;ambassadeur de Russie Alexandre Alexeïev, des anciens combattants, ainsi que les représentants des autorités polonaises ont déposé des fleurs devant le monument aux soldats soviétiques à l&#8217;allée Zwirko et Wigura, à Varsovie. Plusieurs centaines de personnes ont participé à la cérémonie aux sons des fanfares.</p>
<p><strong><em>Lettonie</em></strong></p>
<p>Des milliers de gens célèbrent le Jour de la victoire dans la capitale lettone. Un concert est donné dans le parc de la Victoire, devant le monument aux Soldats libérateurs de Riga. Les festivités ont commencé par la diffusion en direct du défilé de la Victoire organisé à Moscou.</p>
<p>Le maire de Riga et les ambassadeurs russe, biélorusse, ouzbek et kazakh ont déposé des fleurs devant le monument. Deux ONG ont l&#8217;intention d&#8217;organiser des manifestations dans la capitale lettone. L&#8217;an dernier, les manifestations du 9 mai ont réuni 200.000 personnes.</p>
<p><strong><em>Lituanie</em></strong></p>
<p>Quelque 2.000 habitants de Vilnius, anciens combattants et diplomates ont rendu hommage aux soldats morts pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale en Lituanie. Les manifestants parmi lesquels figuraient les diplomates russes, biélorusses, ukrainiens, kazakhs et ouzbeks ont déposé des couronnes de fleurs devant le Mémorial militaire au cimetière d&#8217;Antakalnis.</p>
<p>&#8220;Nous nous sommes réunis ici pour honorer la mémoire des héros. Nous, les représentants de nationalités, ethnies et religions différentes, nous avons une fierté commune pour le courage du grand peuple libérateur qui a apporté la liberté à son pays et à toute l&#8217;Europe&#8221;, a indiqué l&#8217;ambassadeur de Russie Vladimir Tchkhikvadze.</p>
<p><strong><em>Estonie</em></strong></p>
<p>Des milliers d&#8217;habitants de Tallinn se sont rendus lundi au monument au Soldat libérateur, connu sous le nom de &#8220;Soldat de bronze&#8221;, qui se trouve au Cimetière militaire de la ville. Les voitures garées devant les cimetières sont ornées de rubans de Saint-Georges symbolisant la victoire soviétique de 1945.</p>
<p>Les diplomates russes ont déposé lundi matin des couronnes de fleurs au pied du monument. Ils ont également participé à d&#8217;autres cérémonies commémoratives organisées à Tallin, à Tartu, à Pärnu, à Narva, à Paldiski, à Haapsalu, à Viljandi, à Valga et d&#8217;autres villes estoniennes.</p>
<p>Des jeunes gens offrent ce dimanche des oeillets rouges et des bonbons aux anciens combattants et déposent des fleurs sur les tombes des soldats au Cimetière militaire de Tallinn. L&#8217;organisation &#8220;Jeune parole&#8221;, qui réunit les jeunes Russes résidant en Estonie, compte distribuer 25.000 rubans de Saint-Georges.</p>
<p><img src="http://fr.rian.ru/images/18942/45/189424588.jpg" alt="" /> Londra</p>
<p><img src="http://fr.rian.ru/images/18942/46/189424618.jpg" alt="" /> Riga</p>
<p>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 10 maggio 2011</p>
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		<title>Messina: un monumento per i marinai russi eroi del terremoto del 1908</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/4594/ultime-notizie/messina-un-monumento-per-i-marinai-russi-eroi-del-terremoto-del-1908/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2011 11:42:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ultime notizie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Messina]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terremoto]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=4594</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/notizie-dal-mondo-della-storia1.png" alt="notizie-dal-mondo-della-storia1.png (90×90)" width="90" height="90" />A Messina verrà costruito un monumento dedicato ai marinai russi. Lo annuncia il sito &#8220;<a href="http://italian.ruvr.ru/">Voce della Russia</a>&#8221; il 18 marzo scorso.</p>
<p>I marinai della flotta imperiale russa infatti dimostrarono grande eroismo  fornendo l’assistenza alla popolazione locale dopo il violento&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/notizie-dal-mondo-della-storia1.png" alt="notizie-dal-mondo-della-storia1.png (90×90)" width="90" height="90" />A Messina verrà costruito un monumento dedicato ai marinai russi. Lo annuncia il sito &#8220;<a href="http://italian.ruvr.ru/">Voce della Russia</a>&#8221; il 18 marzo scorso.</p>
<p>I marinai della flotta imperiale russa infatti dimostrarono grande eroismo  fornendo l’assistenza alla popolazione locale dopo il violento terremoto  nel 1908. L’autore del monumento è lo scultore russo Vassily Selivanov.</p>
<p>Il 28 dicembre 1908 uno tsunami distrusse la costa  nord-orientale della Sicilia e la punta della Calabria. Solo un terzo dei 147 mila abitanti di Messina riuscì a salvarsi. I primi ad essere intervenuti in soccorso dei terremotati furono i marinai russi. Il salvataggio di Messina si trasformò nella maggiore operazione umanitaria all’inizio del XX secolo.</p>
<p><strong>PER SAPERNE DI PIU&#8217; sul terremoto di Messina del 1908 </strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/i-cover-storia-43.jpg" alt="" width="159" height="228" /></p>
<p><a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/14-25-ricostruzioni.pdf">Ricostruzioni e terremoti: quando “all’italiana” voleva dire “a regola d’arte”</a></p>
<p>_______________________</p>
<p>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 21 marzo 2011</p>
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		<title>La nuova de-stalinizzazione di Medvedev servirà alla Russia?</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/4337/rassegna-stampa-estera/la-nuova-de-stalinizzazione-di-medvedev-servira-alla-russia/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Feb 2011 23:57:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stampa estera]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Comunismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Katyn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medvedev]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Putin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stalin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[URSS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.storiainrete.com/?p=4337</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.great-victory1945.ru/stalin_marshal.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />At the council’s meeting, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of first Russian President Boris Yeltsin, Medvedev approved a program for commemorating victims of totalitarianism and Stalin’s terror, giving a green light on an official, government-sponsored campaign of de-Stalinization.</p>
<p>di <a&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.great-victory1945.ru/stalin_marshal.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />At the council’s meeting, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of first Russian President Boris Yeltsin, Medvedev approved a program for commemorating victims of totalitarianism and Stalin’s terror, giving a green light on an official, government-sponsored campaign of de-Stalinization.</p>
<p>di <a href="http://russiaprofile.org/authors/vladimir_frolov.html">Vladimir Frolov</a> da <img src="http://russiaprofile.org/images/logoImage.png" alt="RUSSIA PROFILE.ORG" width="280" height="22" /> dell&#8217;11 febbraio 2011 &#8211; con i contributi di Vladimir Belaeff ed Alexandre Strokanov</p>
<p>This may be a courageous decision on Medvedev’s part. The myth of Stalin as “a strong and effective” Russian ruler, whose orders sent millions of Russians to prison camps and ultimately to their death, persists to this day and portrays Stalin as one of the most respected leaders in Russian history. A 2009 opinion poll by the Levada Center found that 49 percent of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in Russia’s history, while only 33 percent said he played a negative role.</p>
<p>Medvedev’ predecessor Vladimir Putin, while acknowledging the extent of Stalin’s crimes, refrained from a massive ideological campaign of de-Stalinization and even tacitly endorsed certain myths of Stalin’s positive leadership in winning World War II and his contribution to Russia’s economic and technological modernization. The Kremlin even launched a school textbook on modern Russian history where Stalin was hailed as “an effective manager.”</p>
<p>Medvedev seems to have decided to move in the opposite direction. About a year ago he ordered the complete declassification of the Katyn documents exposing Stalin’s complicity in the mass murder of thousands of Polish army officers near the village of Katyn. The Russian Duma, at the end of 2010, passed a resolution condemning Stalinism for the Katyn massacre. These actions have become important elements in the ensuing reset with Poland and the EU.</p>
<p>It appears that Medvedev views de-Stalinization as an important element in fostering a culture of the rule of law in Russia. The debate on Stalinism is a debate about the role of violence in Russian society, and the limits of the state’s recourse to violence to maintain order and ensure equal justice under law.</p>
<p>As Kirill Rogov of the Gaidar Institute wrote in Vedomosti last week, Stalinist ideology that sees state repression as the basic framework for the state’s interaction with society perverts the rule of law from a universal imperative of justice, into the right of the state and its minions to unlimited coercion and violence.</p>
<p>This is exactly what is at the heart of Medvedev’s modernization program – making the Russian state a powerful force for good and justice, not random violence and corruption. Thus, de-Stalinization becomes an important strategy to defeat the forces of reaction and foster a new national identity in Russia. As Rogov writes, “de-Stalinization creates and promotes a new societal norm – which renounces extreme violence and the political culture based on total annihilation and subjugation in favor of careful balancing of divergent interests.”</p>
<p>Rogov then argues that a consistent strategy and policy of de-Stalinization may reformat the Russian political system toward a more tolerant and thus pluralistic model, and could serve as an ideological and social basis for Russia’s strategic renewal and revival in the 21st century.</p>
<p>Other observers are less optimistic, however. As Mikhail Fishman argues in Vedomosti, Medvedev’s de-Stalinization campaign will entail a decorative change, words rather than systemic change. This is because, Fishman argues, the modern Russian state, a Putinist state, is the heir of the totalitarian Soviet system, and real de-Stalinization would threaten the regime.</p>
<p>How serious is Medvedev’s push to rid Russia of Stalinist totalitarian mentality? Would genuine de-Stalinization help modernize the Russian state and foster political and economic modernization, or would it precipitate the collapse of the “tandemocracy,” plunging the nation into chaos once again? Hasn’t all this happened before, when the last Soviet ruler, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to use de-Stalinization to bolster his position within the party and advance his reformist agenda? Is there a foreign policy component in the current de-Stalinization campaign to improve Russia’s relations with advanced democracies, as it was under Gorbachev’s perestroika? And how successful could it be for Russia’s relations with the West and its immediate neighbors?</p>
<h1><a name="2"></a>Alexandre Strokanov, Professor of History, Director of the Institute of Russian Language, History and Culture, Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, VT:</h1>
<p>I would not necessarily believe that Mikhail Fedotov will initiate a serious government-sponsored campaign in Russia. His position is not powerful enough for such a mission. And the whole story of the so-called de-Stalinization campaign may be forgotten the day after it was announced in Yekaterinburg, and we may never see any more of it. It may be comparable to the “wild dreams” of Igor Yurgens that often grab headlines but never entail real action.</p>
<p>However, I might be wrong. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has the traditional Soviet infatuation with various types of campaigns. We recently witnessed the campaign to change the time zones in the country and cancel daylight saving time, while most people have a hard time understanding the reasoning behind it and are surprised by the amount of attention the president gives to these issues. Why are they even discussed in the Kremlin, and not given over to Russia’s regions to decide on their own, on the basis of what the people who reside in those regions think? Does this not exemplify the totalitarian mentality held by those who will be trying to de-Stalinize Russia?</p>
<p>Now if Frolov’s prediction is correct, soon the Russian people will be offered another campaign. In reality it will look more like a new attempt to cover up the failure of the major slogan of Medvedev’s presidency, which is modernization. The fact that Medvedev’s modernization is quite a failure so far is obvious. If Russia cannot build a good road connecting its two capitals, Moscow and St. Petersburg, what modernization can we really talk about?</p>
<p>All these debates, such as the one a couple weeks ago about the removal of Lenin’s body from the Mausoleum, and now the so-called “de-Stalinization” of Russia, in my opinion pursue only one goal &#8211; to divert attention away from the obvious inability of the presidential administration to solve pressing problems in the country.</p>
<p>In reality, not pursuing a serious fight against corruption and other ills is a major stumbling block in the modernization of the country. There is an obvious lack of political will, especially on the part of today’s president.</p>
<p>I do not favor historical parallels because history never really repeats itself, and today’s Russia is certainly not the Soviet Union of Mikhail Gorbachev’s time. However, it seems to me that Dmitry Medvedev makes similar mistakes to Gorbachev’s, and is more preoccupied with his image abroad and among some liberal circles in Russia than with the lives of ordinary Russian people. The West will certainly applaud such a campaign, as it applauded Gorbachev’s perestroika. At the same time, it most likely will do nothing to help Russia solve its real problems, and will not treat Russia as an equal partner. The saga of the visa regime with EU countries is just a small example.</p>
<p>If the country really wants to modernize and get out of the hole it fell into during Boris Yeltsin’s reforms in the 1990s, it should look back into its own and not so distant history, and learn more from neighbors like China, which have really accomplished a lot in the past 20 years that Russia has mostly wasted.</p>
<p>With regard to Stalin, it should be a question for historians to debate and suggest their vision of his role in the history of Russia, and there is nothing wrong with such opinions being diametrically opposed. Does France have a unified opinion of Napoleon and his role in its history? Of course not, and we can see those who are in love with this bloody emperor and those who reasonably hate him. And it is not up to the Russian president to answer all the questions of history. His role should be to address those challenges that the people and the country are facing today.</p>
<h1><a name="2"></a>Vladimir Belaeff, Global Society Institute, Inc., San Francisco, CA:</h1>
<p>Firstly, one must with regret refute the premise that a pluralist democracy is a requirement for economic modernization in Russia. This premise is false. In our times, China – a spectacular example of modernization sustained over decades – is a totalitarian state under the rule of a single party. Japan developed under the two-generation-long rule of a single political party – hardly pluralistic. Spain’s economic miracle was achieved during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. There is no correlation between political liberalism and economic advancement.</p>
<p>Nazi Germany was a world leader in administrative efficiency, economic and technical modernization. Cruise missiles (V-1) and ICBM systems (V-2), stored program digital computers, magnetic sound recording, advanced autobahns and jet airplanes were invented there. For 7,000 years to-date of known history, the overwhelming majority of political, economic, administrative and scientific modernization was achieved not by pluralist democracies, but by more or less absolutist monarchies.</p>
<p>Where does the invention that political liberalism is a co-requisite for the economic modernization of Russia originate? There is an opinion that adherents of political and economic liberalism, who failed miserably in the 1990s and almost delivered Russia to neo-communist restoration, have invented the myth of pre-requisite (or co-requisite) political liberalization in order to hitch a ride on Russia’s economic modernization bandwagon.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, the current global crisis generates growing evidence that present liberal models have failed and need substantial review and reform. Failing that, modern liberalism may catalyze neo-totalitarian politics, like liberal Weimar Germany once indirectly enabled Nazism.</p>
<p>There is a problem with the “de-Stalinization” agenda for Russia. The cited survey by the Levada Center (which is known for its pro-liberal bias) recognizes that a large segment of Russian citizens have a positive perception of Stalin. In this context, “de-Stalinization” means some form of liberalist coercion over this sector of Russian society. How does one reconcile political coercion with a pluralist democratic paradigm? Is ideological coercion for the sake of liberalism morally or legally justifiable? Didn’t Stalin (and Lenin) practice ideological coercion? What is to be done with the Communist Party, which is the real opposition to Putin and Medvedev, and remains strongly Leninist-Stalinist? One is reminded of the policies of the “ultra-democratic,” leftist Provisional Government of Russia in 1917, which denied political rights to right-of-centre Russians – and ended by losing power to Lenin and Stalin.</p>
<p>Another aspect is that “de-Stalinization” does not automatically lead to liberalism. Hitler “de-Stalinized” also. And the Republic of Georgia, which is considered liberal, pluralist and democratic, was the only member of the Soviet Union which refused to de-Stalinize after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and preserves a popular cult of Stalin even today.</p>
<p>Russia does need “de-Stalinization.” This is necessary not for economic modernization, but for social and political hygiene. It will take several generations to accomplish. This need reaches much further back beyond Stalin, to Lenin and even further – through 1905, the Socialist Revolutionary terrorists, the “People’s Will” murderers and all the way to the Decembrists. This process requires the dismantling of longstanding political idols and the abandonment of revolutionary violence as a vehicle for positive change. Russian political pluralists and liberal democrats do not have the civic courage to promote such a reversal of false values. By promoting “de-Stalinization” they do not even challenge the cult of Lenin – who was even more violent than his loyal follower Stalin, only he did not live very long in power.</p>
<p>Liberalism in Russia failed catastrophically twice in less than a century: in 1917 and 1998. Considered broadly, Russian liberalism has low credibility and “de-Stalinization” is unlikely to save it, or give it new political strength.</p>
<p>___________________________</p>
<p>Vuoi saperne di più? Leggi Storia in Rete</p>
<p><a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/2009/03/1358/"><img src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/cover-41.jpg" alt="" width="144" height="200" /></a> <a href="http://www.storiainrete.com/2010/01/storia-in-rete-numero-50-gennaio-2010/"><img src="http://www.storiainrete.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/00-cover-storia-51.jpg" alt="" width="146" height="200" /></a></p>
<p>___________________________</p>
<p>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 16 febbraio 2011</p>
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		<title>Russia, dove si riscrive il Novecento: la storia sotto scacco</title>
		<link>http://www.storiainrete.com/3437/xx-secolo/russia-riscrivere-novecento/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 2010 15:23:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>emanuele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[XX secolo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Comunismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gendarmi della Memoria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Grande guerra patriottica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guerra Fredda]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Katyn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[leggi sulla Memoria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lenin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marx]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medveded]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mosca]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Putin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Revisionismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[URSS]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.regione.piemonte.it/notizie/piemonteinforma/archivio/diario/2006/gennaio/im/cremlino_b.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Nel 2009 due eventi, passati da noi quasi inosservati, senza richiamare quella attenzione che merita ciò che caratterizza la realtà politica e culturale europea, hanno riguardato la storia e la memoria del dramma centrale dello scorso secolo, la Seconda guerra&#8230;</p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;" src="http://www.regione.piemonte.it/notizie/piemonteinforma/archivio/diario/2006/gennaio/im/cremlino_b.jpg" alt="" width="90" height="90" />Nel 2009 due eventi, passati da noi quasi inosservati, senza richiamare quella attenzione che merita ciò che caratterizza la realtà politica e culturale europea, hanno riguardato la storia e la memoria del dramma centrale dello scorso secolo, la Seconda guerra mondiale e i due sistemi totalitari che, con la corresponsabilità dell’Europa, a essa hanno portato: il nazionalsocialismo e il comunismo. Il primo evento è un decreto emesso il 15 maggio scorso dal presidente della Federazione russa Dmitrij Medvedev per istituire una «Commissione presidenziale contro i tentativi di falsificare la storia che ledano gli interessi della Russia». Quale sia il significato di questo decreto è una questione che, evidente per i diretti interessati, gli storici russi, richiede, come vedremo, una particolare analisi per chi ignora il mondo politico e culturale russo postsovietico. Si può però già osservare, da una parte, la stranezza della precisazione «ledano gli interessi della Russia», quasi non fossero condannabili i «tentativi di falsificare la storia» che non ledano tali interessi, anzi li favoriscano. D’altra parte, l’istituzione di un’apposita commissione statale per combattere tali tentativi non può non richiamare alla memoria le iniziative censorie messe in atto nell’Urss contro i «falsificatori della storia», cioè della sua versione marxista-leninista, quasi ora in luogo dell’incriminazione di «antisovietismo» si affermasse quella di «antirussismo».</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>Vittorio Strada su &#8220;Avvenire&#8221; del 12 settembre 2010 <img src="http://www.avvenire.it/GiornaleWEB2008/Images/Site/logoAvvenire.gif" alt="LogoAvvenire" width="67" height="43" /></p>
<p>.</p>
<p>Il secondo evento non ha avuto come sede Mosca e il Cremlino, ma Vilnius e l’Organizzazione per la Sicurezza e la Cooperazione in Europa: il 3 luglio 2009 la sua assemblea ha approvato a larga maggioranza una risoluzione dal titolo «L’Europa divisa riunita: promuovere i diritti umani e le libertà nel XXI secolo», il cui testo proclama il 23 agosto, giorno in cui settant’anni fa fu firmato il patto Ribbentrop-Molotov, «giornata europea della memoria delle vittime dello stalinismo e del nazismo» onde «preservare il ricordo delle vittime delle deportazioni di massa e degli stermini». Inoltre l’Assemblea ha esortato gli Stati partecipanti a «proseguire le ricerche sull’eredità totalitaria» per accrescere «la coscienza pubblica riguardo ai crimini commessi dai regimi totalitari». È inutile dire che la delegazione russa tentò invano di bloccare questa risoluzione, lasciando infine l’aula in segno di protesta, un atteggiamento che poi continuò da parte di esponenti del governo russo, indignati che stalinismo e nazismo fossero messi sullo stesso piano come criminosi regimi totalitari, le cui vittime erano ugualmente meritevoli di commemorazione: ciò era considerato un «pubblico insulto ai russi», quasi si fosse dimenticato che questi avevano dato un decisivo contributo di sangue nella guerra contro il nazismo. Si trattava, come disse il portavoce del Ministero degli Esteri russo, di un «tentativo di deformare la storia a fini politici», insomma di una vera e propria «falsificazione».</p>
<p>Se si precisa che la Commissione istituita dal presidente Medvedev aveva come suo primo obiettivo, oltre a una più ampia visione dell’intera storia sovietica, i «tentativi di falsificare» proprio la storia della Seconda guerra mondiale ovvero della Grande guerra patriottica, come questa fu chiamata nell’Urss ed è tuttora chiamata nella Federazione russa, si può capire che è proprio questo periodo della storia del XX secolo, che va dalla fine degli anni Trenta a tutta la prima metà degli anni Quaranta fino alla successiva Guerra fredda, a costituire un <em>punctum dolens</em> per l’attuale gruppo dirigente russo, impegnato a elaborare e imporre una sua interpretazione di questa storia in quanto momento centrale e culminante di tutta la storia sia russa che sovietica. Il fatto è che la storia della Seconda guerra mondiale, che per gli storici in generale è, come la storia di tanti altri periodi, non priva di problemi, ma sostanzialmente chiara, nella Russia di oggi è un problema inquietantemente aperto in quanto aperta è l’interpretazione di tutto il passato sovietico e, in particolare, dello «stalinismo», termine ambiguo, perché con esso non si intende la quintessenza dell’esperimento comunista, basato sul pensiero-azione di Lenin e ispirato dalle idee di Marx, ma una sorta di fenomeno a sé, degenerativo e nello stesso tempo essenziale, rispetto al periodo sovietico, quasi allo «stalinismo» e personalmente a Stalin si volessero addossare tutte le colpe e i crimini del comunismo, salvaguardandone però i risultati, cioè il trionfo nella guerra antinazista, l’ampliamento nell’«impero» sovietico e la trasformazione dell’Urss in superpotenza nucleare.</p>
<p>Di qui la rinascita del mito di Stalin in tanta parte dell’opinione pubblica russa d’oggi. Di qui anche la questione scottante dell’insegnamento della storia del periodo sovietico nelle scuole russe e il dibattito in corso sui manuali di tale insegnamento, manuali che tendono a diventare un manuale unico, dettato dall’alto nello spirito della Commissione istituita da Medvedev contro i «falsificatori», dopo gli anni di pluralismo e liberalismo postsovietico oramai al tramonto. La campagna iniziata in Russia contro le «falsificazioni della storia», «lesive» degli interessi dello Stato russo, riguarda, come s’è detto, in primo luogo la Seconda guerra mondiale. Parallelamente alla istituzione della Commissione presidenziale da parte di Medvedev il ministro della Protezione civile Sergej Shoigù aveva avanzato l’idea di promulgare una legge per perseguire penalmente chi si rendesse colpevole della «negazione della vittoria dell’Unione Sovietica nella Grande guerra patriottica», incriminazione che suona davvero strana perché neppure il più accanito «antisovietico» o «antirusso» oserebbe negare un fatto così evidente e conclamato. Vuol dire che come «negazione» si intende una interpretazione di tale vittoria diversa dalla versione ufficiale che il gruppo dirigente russo oggi intende dare a un avvenimento che per il popolo russo costituisce l’unico indiscusso e indiscutibile motivo d’orgoglio di tutta la storia sovietica, ragion per cui l’anniversario di tale vittoria (il 9 maggio) è celebrato con la massima solennità, a differenza dell’anniversario della «Rivoluzione d’ottobre» che non è più neppure una festività.</p>
<p>Vediamo allora quali sono i momenti cruciali della Seconda guerra mondiale, la cui interpretazione storica difforme dalla versione ufficiale viene considerata una «falsificazione» da punire, anzi addirittura l’equivalente della «negazione» della vittoria sul nazismo. Il primo punto riguarda il patto Ribbentrop-Molotov e la spartizione tra la Germania nazista e l’Unione Sovietica delle sfere di influenza dell’Europa orientale, secondo quanto stabilito nel protocollo segreto del patto, il quale di fatto favorì l’inizio della Seconda guerra mondiale, lasciando a Hitler le mani libere per l’attuazione dei suoi piani espansionistici. Connessa a questo punto è l’occupazione da parte dell’Armata Rossa dell’Ucraina e della Bielorussia occidentali, in base al patto, e l’aggressione contro la Polonia, aggiungendo poi (1940) l’annessione all’Urss dei Paesi baltici, per non dimenticare infine un eccidio come la fucilazione di ventiduemila cittadini polacchi a Katyn. La contro-versione è che il patto Hitler-Stalin fu la risposta agli accordi di Monaco del 1938, ossia una misura necessaria per la sicurezza dell’Urss, anche se è evidente la sproporzione tra questi due eventi: Monaco fu un riprovevole cedimento delle democrazie occidentali con l’illusione di «placare» l’aggressione nazista (la cessione alla Germania dei Sudeti doveva essere la garanzia del nuovo confine della Cecoslovacchia e non la premessa della sua distruzione, il che è una notevole differenza rispetto alla spartizione di territori e alla collaborazione economica e militare tra la Germania e l’Unione Sovietica). Un’altra contro-versione ufficiale è che l’Armata Rossa non «occupò» nuovi territori, ma «liberò» l’Ucraina e la Bielorussia occidentali per difendere i fratelli slavi dall’invasione germanica, come poi «liberò» i Paesi baltici e, dopo la fine della guerra, non li «annesse», ma li «riunì» con il loro consenso all’Urss.</p>
<p>Quanto poi all’eccidio di Katyn, si sarebbe trattato di un crimine commesso dai tedeschi (in realtà è appurato che questa versione è falsa e che gli autori dell’eccidio furono i sovietici, come è stato finalmente riconosciuto in maniera ufficiale da Vladimir Putin il 7 aprile 2010).<br />
Un problema a parte, molto complesso e dibattuto, riguarda l’intenzione di Stalin di sferrare il primo colpo contro Hitler in una guerra «rivoluzionaria» che avrebbe dovuto estendere l’area del socialismo all’Europa occidentale (sui progetti staliniani di espansionismo bellico-rivoluzionario si hanno chiare testimonianze nel Diario del segretario generale del Komintern Georgi Dimitrov, e curiosa è la dichiarazione fatta da Stalin a Thorez che, se non ci fosse stato lo sbarco degli alleati occidentali in Normandia, l’Armata Rossa avrebbe «liberato» anche Parigi). A questo proposito la discussione che si è svolta, e si svolge, promossa dal libro di Viktor Suvorov &#8220;Il rompighiaccio&#8221;, dove si sostiene la tesi della guerra preventiva vagheggiata e programmata contro Hitler da Stalin, prevenuto però dal dittatore nazista, è così vasta, e tutt’altro che univocamente conclusa, da impedire qui un suo approfondimento. Si aggiunga il problema del numero delle perdite subite dall’Armata Rossa, un numero che è quasi dieci volte superiore a quello delle perdite avversarie (tedesche), con il conseguente problema, oltre a quello della particolare violenza dell’aggressione subita, del tipo di conduzione della guerra da parte del Comando sovietico e dello stesso Stalin, fatto senza economia di vite umane, come nessuna «economia» di vite era stata fatta in precedenza nella collettivizzazione forzata delle campagne sovietiche e nella repressione dei «nemici del popolo», secondo una spietatezza propria del regime totalitario.</p>
<p>Non meno importante è il problema della situazione postbellica, con l’inclusione diretta o indiretta nella sfera sovietica di vastissimi territori, considerati «liberati» dal giogo fascista e beneficiati dal regime «socialista» secondo i sovietici e, al contrario, «occupati» con una nuova oppressione e sottomessi a un nuovo regime totalitario, secondo i democratici di tali territori e alfine secondo la maggioranza delle loro popolazioni nel periodo terminale del dominio comunista. Come si vede già da questo elenco, che potrebbe allungarsi, i punti dolenti, e controversi, della Grande guerra patriottica sono numerosi e scottanti e l’accusa di «falsificazione» non è il mezzo per trattarli e dirimerli. Gli «interessi della Russia» non dovrebbero essere considerati «lesi» da una libera ricerca storica, orientata in varie direzioni, che può trovare la sua unica verifica di verità nell’onestà intellettuale e professionale degli storici e nel libero confronto delle loro ricerche.</p>
<p>L’altro tema o problema, sollevato dall’Organizzazione per la Sicurezza e la Cooperazione in Europa, cioè la comparazione strutturale e il rapporto storico tra i due totalitarismi, comunismo e nazionalsocialismo, è anch’esso legato all’insieme di questioni che sopra si sono delineate per la Seconda guerra mondiale, ed è di una tale complessità da richiedere una trattazione analitica e quindi da esulare dalla possibilità di un suo approfondimento in questa sede. Del resto, la stessa comparazione tra i due totalitarismi, che in un non ancora remoto passato (e spesso anche nel presente, come dimostrano le reazioni ufficiali alla risoluzione dell’Osce) poteva ad alcuni parere «sacrilega» alla luce di un antifascismo ideologizzato e univoco, fortunatamente è, per la ricerca storica e teorica libera, diventata normale, anzi necessaria e feconda, come è dimostrato da numerosi lavori al proposito. Naturalmente, si tratta di una comparazione che mette in luce ciò che c’è di comune e ciò che c’è di diverso tra i due maggiori totalitarismi, nazista e comunista (non «staliniano» soltanto, dato che lo «stalinismo» è stato solo la fase centrale del comunismo come realtà storica), a parte poi la questione se il fascismo italiano sia stato un totalitarismo compiuto, come gli altri due, o non piuttosto un totalitarismo imperfetto e mancato, nonostante le sue esplicite aspirazioni, per la presenza di due istituzioni «limitative» come la monarchia e la Chiesa. Il paradosso tragico della storia europea dello scorso secolo è che ci si è trovati a dover scegliere tra due epidemie per poi alla fine, debellata l’una, mettersi a combattere anche l’altra.</p>
<p>Stando così le cose, a prescindere da «falsificazioni lesive» o no per il potere sovietico ieri e russo oggi, la letteratura di lingua russa sulla Seconda guerra mondiale ovvero sulla Grande guerra patriottica è di particolare interesse e in essa spicca indubbiamente un libro come &#8220;Vita e destino&#8221; di Vasilij Grossman, ad esempio, che, scritto in condizioni estreme di controllo ideologico e censorio totale, riesce ad abbracciare la problematica sopra delineata. A questo romanzo eccezionale, che ha avuto la debita fortuna tra i lettori occidentali, si possono aggiungere, come veridiche visioni della guerra nella sua asprezza e crudezza, &#8220;I dannati e i morti&#8221; di Viktor Astaf’ev, purtroppo ignoto in Italia, e, come espressione della realtà bellica quotidiana, vissuta e vista dal «basso», dalla truppa combattente, &#8220;Nelle trincee di Stalingrado&#8221; di Viktor Nekrasov, futuro «dissidente » (che vinse nel 1947 un Premio Stalin).</p>
<p>______________________________</p>
<p>Inserito su www.storiainrete.com il 16 settembre 2010</p>
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